Animals of Alabama: A Complete Guide to Wildlife, Pets, and Domestic Creatures in the Heart of Dixie

Alabama, often referred to as the Heart of Dixie, is a state brimming with natural beauty and incredible biodiversity. With over 50 distinct habitat types, from sandy coastal dunes and river swamps to the rolling Appalachian foothills and lush pine forests, Alabama stands out as one of the most biodiverse states in the nation. It ranks fifth in overall biodiversity among U.S. states, boasting more than 4,500 documented species, which include mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, insects, and even our beloved pets.

But this article goes beyond just the wild side of things. While many guides tend to focus exclusively on wild animals, this thorough list highlights all the creatures you might encounter in Alabama, including pets, livestock, invasive species, and those familiar backyard visitors. Whether you’re a local, a traveler, a farmer, or simply a nature lover, this guide provides an in-depth look at Alabama’s fascinating animal population.

Mammals of Alabama

Alabama’s diverse habitats ranging from the Appalachian foothills to coastal plains support over 60 species of wild mammals, plus numerous domestic and feral animals.

Native Wild Mammals of Alabama

1. Carnivores (Order: Carnivora)

• Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
  
• Coyote (Canis latrans)
  
• Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
  
• Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
  
• North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis)
  
• American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)
  
• Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)
  
• Eastern Spotted Skunk (Spilogale putorius)
  
• Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
  
• Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata)
  
• American Mink (Neogale vison)
  

2. Rodents (Order: Rodentia)

• Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
  
• Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans)
  
• Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger)
  
• Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus)
  
• Woodchuck (Groundhog) (Marmota monax)
  
• Beaver (Castor canadensis)
  
• Hispid Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus)
  
• Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys palustris)
  
• Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana)
  
• Golden Mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli)
  
• Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)
  
• White-footed Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)
  
• Oldfield Mouse (Peromyscus polionotus)
  
• House Mouse (Mus musculus) – introduced
  
• Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) – introduced
  
• Roof Rat (Rattus rattus) – introduced
  
• Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
  
• Woodland Vole (Microtus pinetorum)
  

3. Bats (Order: Chiroptera)

• Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus)
  
• Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis)
  
• Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus)
  
• Seminole Bat (Lasiurus seminolus)
  
• Northern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus intermedius)
  
• Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis)
  
• Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus)
  
• Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus)
  
• Northern Long-eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis)
  
• Indiana Bat (Myotis sodalis)
  
• Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens) – endangered
  
• Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii)
  
• Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)
  

4. Insectivores (Order: Eulipotyphla)

• Eastern Mole (Scalopus aquaticus)
  
• Star-nosed Mole (Condylura cristata)
  
• Southern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina carolinensis)
  
• Least Shrew (Cryptotis parva)
  
• Northern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda)
  

5. Lagomorphs (Order: Lagomorpha)

• Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)
  
• Swamp Rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus)
  
• Appalachian Cottontail (Sylvilagus obscurus) – northeastern highlands only
  

6. Ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla)

• White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
  
• Feral Hog (Wild Boar) (Sus scrofa) – introduced, invasive
  

7. Marsupials (Order: Didelphimorphia)

• Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
  

Domesticated Mammals Found in Alabama

These mammals are commonly found in homes, farms, or pastures across the state.

Domesticated Livestock

• Domestic Cow (Bos taurus)
  
• Domestic Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus)
  
• Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries)
  
• Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)
  
• Domestic Donkey (Equus africanus asinus)
  
• Domestic Horse (Equus ferus caballus)
  
• Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) – occasionally farmed
  
• Llama (Lama glama) – occasionally farmed
  

Domesticated Pets

• Domestic Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
  
• Domestic Cat (Felis catus)
  
• Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
  
• Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
  
• Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus and others)
  
• Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
  
• Fancy Rat (Rattus norvegicus domestica)
  
• Fancy Mouse (Mus musculus domestica)
  

Extirpated or Rare Sightings in Alabama

These species may have once existed in Alabama but are now extirpated, extremely rare, or occasionally pass through.

• Mountain Lion (Cougar) (Puma concolor) – historically present, now extirpated
  
• Red Wolf (Canis rufus) – formerly native, extirpated
  
• Eastern Elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis) – extinct
  
• American Bison (Bison bison) – extirpated from Alabama
  

Invasive & Non-native Wild Mammals

• Nutria (Myocastor coypus) – invasive rodent, destructive to wetlands
  
• Feral Cats and Dogs – significant ecological disruptors
  
• Feral Hogs (Sus scrofa) – introduced, highly invasive
  

Conservation Notes

Several Alabama mammals are listed as endangered or protected:

• Gray Bat – Federally Endangered
  
• Indiana Bat – Federally Endangered
  
• Northern Long-eared Bat – Threatened
  
• Red Wolf – Extirpated, part of national recovery efforts
  

Summary

• Total Mammal Species in Alabama (approximate): 60–80
  
• Includes: Native wild mammals, introduced/invasive species, domestic mammals
  
• Habitats Covered: Forests, swamps, wetlands, farmlands, urban zones
  
  
  

Birds of Alabama

• Total Bird Species Recorded in Alabama: Over 420 species
• Birding Regions: Coastal Plains, Appalachian Foothills, Pine Forests, Wetlands, River Valleys

Common Backyard Birds in Alabama

These are birds frequently seen in gardens, feeders, parks, and suburbs:

1. Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) – Alabama’s state bird
   
2. Carolina Chickadee (Poecile carolinensis)
   
3. Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)
   
4. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)
   
5. American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis)
   
6. House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)
   
7. Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
   
8. Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens)
   
9. Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus)
   
10. Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis)
    
11. Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum)
    
12. Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos)
    
13. Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)
    
14. Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina)
    
15. White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)
    

Water Birds, Waders, and Shorebirds

Often seen near rivers, marshes, ponds, lakes, and coastal estuaries:

1. Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias)
   
2. Green Heron (Butorides virescens)
   
3. Snowy Egret (Egretta thula)
   
4. Great Egret (Ardea alba)
   
5. Wood Stork (Mycteria americana)
   
6. American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos)
   
7. Double-crested Cormorant (Nannopterum auritum)
   
8. Common Gallinule (Gallinula galeata)
   
9. Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
   
10. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularius)
    
11. Lesser Yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes)
    
12. American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana)
    
13. Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus)
    
14. Clapper Rail (Rallus crepitans)
    
15. Sora (Porzana carolina)
    

Raptors (Birds of Prey) in Alabama

These majestic birds are commonly seen in open fields, woodlands, and along highways:

1. Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
   
2. Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)
   
3. Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)
   
4. Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
   
5. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
   
6. Barred Owl (Strix varia)
   
7. Eastern Screech-Owl (Megascops asio)
   
8. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
   
9. Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis)
   
10. American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
    

Songbirds and Migratory Passerines

These are seen seasonally or year round depending on their migration habits:

1. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)
   
2. Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra)
   
3. Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea)
   
4. Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris)
   
5. Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia)
   
6. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea)
   
7. Hooded Warbler (Setophaga citrina)
   
8. Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)
   
9. American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)
   
10. Northern Parula (Setophaga americana)
    
11. Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus)
    
12. Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)
    
13. Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons)
    
14. Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius)
    
15. Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor)
    

Game Birds & Ground-Dwellers

Hunted species or terrestrial birds found in fields and forests:

1. Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
   
2. Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)
   
3. Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus)
   
4. Common Ground Dove (Columbina passerina)
   
5. American Woodcock (Scolopax minor)
   

Birds of the Alabama Gulf Coast

Specifically found along coastal regions like Mobile Bay and Gulf Shores:

1. Royal Tern (Thalasseus maximus)
   
2. Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger)
   
3. Laughing Gull (Leucophaeus atricilla)
   
4. Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)
   
5. Willet (Tringa semipalmata)
   
6. Sanderling (Calidris alba)
   
7. Least Tern (Sternula antillarum)
   
8. Red Knot (Calidris canutus)
   
9. Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) — Threatened species
   
10. Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa)
    

Rare or Occasional Visitors to Alabama

Seen during migration or irregular events:

1. Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis)
   
2. Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)
   
3. Northern Shrike (Lanius borealis)
   
4. White-winged Scoter (Melanitta deglandi)
   
5. Sandhill Crane (Antigone canadensis)
   
6. Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja)
   
7. Whooping Crane (Grus americana) — Reintroduced and monitored
   

Habitats in Alabama and Their Bird Types

Notable Birding Areas in Alabama

• Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge – ducks, geese, cranes
  
• Dauphin Island – major stopover for migrants
  
• Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge – coastal birds
  
• Bankhead National Forest – forest warblers
  
• Eufaula National Wildlife Refuge – waterfowl and eagles
  

Alabama’s State Bird

• Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)
  Chosen for its vivid red color, melodious song, and year-round presence.
  
  
  

Reptiles and Amphibians

Here’s a detailed list of all the reptiles and amphibians you can find in Alabama, which includes snakes, lizards, turtles, frogs, toads, and salamanders. Alabama stands out as one of the most biodiverse states in the U.S. when it comes to herpetofauna, boasting over 90 species of amphibians and more than 90 species of reptiles.

Reptiles of Alabama

Turtles (Order: Testudines)

Freshwater Turtles:

• Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina)
  
• Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macrochelys temminckii)
  
• Eastern Mud Turtle (Kinosternon subrubrum)
  
• Striped Mud Turtle (Kinosternon baurii)
  
• Common Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus)
  
• Flattened Musk Turtle (Sternotherus depressus) – Endemic
  
• Loggerhead Musk Turtle (Sternotherus minor)
  
• Alabama Map Turtle (Graptemys pulchra) – Endemic
  
• Escambia Map Turtle (Graptemys ernsti)
  
• Barbour’s Map Turtle (Graptemys barbouri)
  
• Ouachita Map Turtle (Graptemys ouachitensis)
  
• False Map Turtle (Graptemys pseudogeographica)
  
• River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna)
  
• Alabama Red–bellied Cooter (Pseudemys alabamensis) – Endangered
  
• Florida Cooter (Pseudemys floridana)
  
• Yellow–bellied Slider (Trachemys scripta scripta)
  
• Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)
  
• Eastern Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta picta)
  
• Southern Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta dorsalis)
  

Box Turtles:

• Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)
  
• Gulf Coast Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina major)
  

Softshell Turtles:

• Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera)
  
• Smooth Softshell Turtle (Apalone mutica)
  

Marine Turtles (Occasional Gulf visitors):

• Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta)
  
• Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)
  
• Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)
  
• Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) – Rare
  

Snakes (Order: Squamata – Suborder: Serpentes)

Non-venomous Snakes:

• Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)
  
• Eastern Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis sauritus)
  
• Rough Green Snake (Opheodrys aestivus)
  
• Eastern Hognose Snake (Heterodon platirhinos)
  
• Southern Hognose Snake (Heterodon simus) – Rare
  
• Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula getula)
  
• Scarlet Kingsnake (Lampropeltis elapsoides)
  
• Prairie Kingsnake (Lampropeltis calligaster)
  
• Mole Kingsnake (Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata)
  
• Speckled Kingsnake (Lampropeltis holbrooki)
  
• Eastern Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum)
  
• Red Cornsnake (Pantherophis guttatus)
  
• Gray Ratsnake (Pantherophis spiloides)
  
• Eastern Ratsnake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis)
  
• Western Ratsnake (Pantherophis obsoletus)
  
• Pine Snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) – Uncommon
  
• Black Racer (Coluber constrictor priapus)
  
• Coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum)
  
• Rough Earth Snake (Haldea striatula)
  
• Smooth Earth Snake (Virginia valeriae)
  
• Southeastern Crowned Snake (Tantilla coronata)
  
• Eastern Worm Snake (Carphophis amoenus)
  
• Ring–necked Snake (Diadophis punctatus)
  

Water Snakes:

• Northern Watersnake (Nerodia sipedon)
  
• Southern Watersnake (Nerodia fasciata)
  
• Brown Watersnake (Nerodia taxispilota)
  
• Diamondback Watersnake (Nerodia rhombifer)
  
• Plain–bellied Watersnake (Nerodia erythrogaster)
  
• Green Watersnake (Nerodia cyclopion)
  

Venomous Snakes (5 native species):

• Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix)
  
• Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus)
  
• Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)
  
• Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus)
  
• Pygmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius)
  

Lizards (Order: Squamata – Suborder: Lacertilia)

• Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis)
  
• Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei) – Invasive
  
• Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus)
  
• Six–lined Racerunner (Aspidoscelis sexlineatus)
  
• Southeastern Five-lined Skink (Plestiodon inexpectatus)
  
• Five–lined Skink (Plestiodon fasciatus)
  
• Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps)
  
• Ground Skink (Scincella lateralis)
  
• Slender Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus)
  
• Eastern Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis)
  
• Mimic Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus mimicus)
  

Amphibians of Alabama

Frogs and Toads (Order: Anura)

True Frogs (Family: Ranidae):

• American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus)
  
• Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans)
  
• Pickerel Frog (Lithobates palustris)
  
• Southern Leopard Frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus)
  
• Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus)
  

Treefrogs (Family: Hylidae):

• Green Treefrog (Hyla cinerea)
  
• Cope’s Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis)
  
• Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor)
  
• Barking Treefrog (Hyla gratiosa)
  
• Pine Woods Treefrog (Hyla femoralis)
  
• Squirrel Treefrog (Hyla squirella)
  
• Bird–voiced Treefrog (Hyla avivoca)
  
• Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer)
  
• Upland Chorus Frog (Pseudacris feriarum)
  
• Southern Chorus Frog (Pseudacris nigrita)
  
• Mountain Chorus Frog (Pseudacris brachyphona)
  
• Cajun Chorus Frog (Pseudacris fouquettei)
  

Narrow-mouthed Toads (Family: Microhylidae):

• Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad (Gastrophryne carolinensis)
  

True Toads (Family: Bufonidae):

• American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus)
  
• Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri)
  
• Southern Toad (Anaxyrus terrestris)
  
• Gulf Coast Toad (Incilius valliceps) – Introduced
  

Spadefoot Toads (Family: Scaphiopodidae):

• Eastern Spadefoot (Scaphiopus holbrookii)
  

Salamanders and Newts (Order: Caudata)

Giant Salamanders (Family: Cryptobranchidae):

• Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) – Rare, endangered
  

Amphiumas (Family: Amphiumidae):

• Two–toed Amphiuma (Amphiuma means)
  
• One-toed Amphiuma (Amphiuma pholeter)
  

Sirens (Family: Sirenidae):

• Greater Siren (Siren lacertina)
  
• Lesser Siren (Siren intermedia)
  

Newts (Family: Salamandridae):

• Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)
  
  • Red-spotted Newt (N. v. viridescens)
    

Mole Salamanders (Family: Ambystomatidae):

• Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum)
  
• Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum)
  
• Mole Salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum)
  
• Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)
  

Lungless Salamanders (Family: Plethodontidae):

• Southern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus auriculatus)
  
• Spotted Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus conanti)
  
• Seal Salamander (Desmognathus monticola)
  
• Ocoee Salamander (Desmognathus ocoee)
  
• Three–lined Salamander (Eurycea guttolineata)
  
• Dwarf Salamander (Eurycea quadridigitata)
  
• Cave Salamander (Eurycea lucifuga)
  
• Long-tailed Salamander (Eurycea longicauda)
  
• Alabama Waterdog (Necturus alabamensis) – Endemic
  
• Gulf Coast Waterdog (Necturus beyeri)
  
• Red Salamander (Pseudotriton ruber)
  
• Mud Salamander (Pseudotriton montanus)
  
• Slimy Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus)
  
• Southern Zigzag Salamander (Plethodon ventralis)
  
• Red Hills Salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti) – Endemic, federally threatened
  

Summary

• Reptile Species: ~95 species
  
• Amphibian Species: ~85 species
  
• Endemic Species: Red Hills Salamander, Flattened Musk Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied Cooter, Alabama Map Turtle
  

Rare/Protected Species: Hellbender, Red Hills Salamander, Southern Hognose Snake, Alligator Snapping Turtle

Freshwater and Saltwater Fish

Here’s a detailed list of all the freshwater and saltwater fish species you can find in Alabama, organized by their habitat. Alabama is famous for boasting one of the most diverse populations of freshwater fish in the entire United States, thanks to its vast river systems, beautiful lakes, and its close location to the Gulf of Mexico.

Freshwater Fish of Alabama (All Known Species)

Alabama is home to over 350 species of freshwater fish more than any other state. These are commonly found in rivers, lakes, creeks, reservoirs, and wetlands.

Common Game and Sport Freshwater Fish

• Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
  
• Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu)
  
• Spotted Bass (Micropterus punctulatus)
  
• Redeye Bass (Micropterus coosae)
  
• Alabama Bass (Micropterus henshalli)
  
• Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)
  
• White Bass (Morone chrysops)
  
• Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)
  
• White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis)
  
• Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
  
• Redear Sunfish (Lepomis microlophus)
  
• Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus)
  
• Green Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)
  
• Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris)
  
• Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)
  
• Walleye (Sander vitreus)
  
• Sauger (Sander canadensis)
  

Catfish and Bullheads

• Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
  
• Blue Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus)
  
• Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis olivaris)
  
• White Catfish (Ameiurus catus)
  
• Black Bullhead (Ameiurus melas)
  
• Yellow Bullhead (Ameiurus natalis)
  
• Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus)
  
• Madtoms (genus Noturus) – multiple species
  

Darters (Diverse and Native to Alabama)

• Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum)
  
• Greenside Darter (Etheostoma blennioides)
  
• Flame Darter (Etheostoma pyrrhogaster)
  
• Snubnose Darter (Etheostoma simoterum)
  
• Alabama Darter (Etheostoma ramseyi)
  
• Mobile Logperch (Percina kathae)
  
• Etowah Darter (Etheostoma etowahae)
  
• Vermilion Darter (Etheostoma chermocki) – Endemic and endangered
  

Minnows and Shiners

• Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)
  
• Blacktail Shiner (Cyprinella venusta)
  
• Redfin Shiner (Lythrurus umbratilis)
  
• Bluntnose Minnow (Pimephales notatus)
  
• Stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum)
  
• Speckled Chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis)
  

Suckers and Redhorses

• Northern Hog Sucker (Hypentelium nigricans)
  
• White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii)
  
• River Redhorse (Moxostoma carinatum)
  
• Golden Redhorse (Moxostoma erythrurum)
  

Gars and Primitive Fish

• Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus)
  
• Spotted Gar (Lepisosteus oculatus)
  
• Bowfin (Amia calva)
  
• American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)
  
• Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)
  

Other Native or Common Freshwater Fish

• Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)
  
• Pirate Perch (Aphredoderus sayanus)
  
• Brook Silverside (Labidesthes sicculus)
  
• Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens)
  
• Banded Pygmy Sunfish (Elassoma zonatum)
  

Saltwater Fish of Alabama (Gulf Coast & Estuarine Species)

Alabama’s coastal region may be small, but it’s bursting with biological diversity. It provides a gateway to a variety of saltwater and estuarine fish species, thanks to Mobile Bay, its estuaries, and the expansive Gulf of Mexico.

Popular Saltwater Game Fish

• Red Drum (Redfish) (Sciaenops ocellatus)
  
• Spotted Seatrout (Speckled Trout) (Cynoscion nebulosus)
  
• Flounder (Southern) (Paralichthys lethostigma)
  
• Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus)
  
• Black Drum (Pogonias cromis)
  
• Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus)
  
• King Mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla)
  
• Cobia (Ling) (Rachycentron canadum)
  
• Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus)
  

Offshore Species (Deep Sea)

• Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)
  
• Vermilion Snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens)
  
• Lane Snapper (Lutjanus synagris)
  
• Mangrove Snapper (Lutjanus griseus)
  
• Gag Grouper (Mycteroperca microlepis)
  
• Scamp Grouper (Mycteroperca phenax)
  
• Greater Amberjack (Seriola dumerili)
  
• Blackfin Tuna (Thunnus atlanticus)
  
• Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)
  

Coastal and Estuarine Fish

• Gulf Killifish (Fundulus grandis)
  
• Bay Anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli)
  
• Mullet (Striped and White) (Mugil cephalus, Mugil curema)
  
• Atlantic Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)
  
• Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)
  
• Silver Perch (Bairdiella chrysoura)
  
• Gulf Menhaden (Brevoortia patronus)
  
• Hardhead Catfish (Ariopsis felis)
  
• Gafftopsail Catfish (Bagre marinus)
  

Sharks, Rays, and Skates (Found in Gulf Waters)

• Bonnethead Shark (Sphyrna tiburo)
  
• Blacktip Shark (Carcharhinus limbatus)
  
• Bull Shark (Carcharhinus leucas) – occasionally enters freshwater
  
• Southern Stingray (Dasyatis americana)
  
• Cownose Ray (Rhinoptera bonasus)
  

Anadromous and Euryhaline Fish (Fresh & Salt Mix)

These species live in both fresh and saltwater commonly in estuaries and rivers feeding into the Gulf:

• Gulf Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) – Endangered
  
• American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)
  
• Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)
  
• Skipjack Herring (Alosa chrysochloris)
  
• Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)
  
• Threadfin Shad (Dorosoma petenense)
  

Total Summary

• Freshwater fish species: ~350+
  
• Saltwater and estuarine fish species: ~150+
  
• Euryhaline/anadromous species: ~20+
  
  
  
  

Insects and Invertebrates

Here’s a detailed list of the insects and invertebrates you can find in Alabama, showcasing both native and commonly encountered species. The state’s varied ecosystems spanning forests, wetlands, grasslands, and mountains nurture a vibrant array of invertebrate life. This compilation features insects, arachnids, mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrates that call Alabama home.

Insects of Alabama

Beetles (Order: Coleoptera)

• Eastern Hercules Beetle (Dynastes tityus)
  
• Green June Beetle (Cotinis nitida)
  
• Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) – invasive
  
• Carrion Beetles (Silphidae family)
  
• Lady Beetles / Ladybugs (Coccinellidae)
  
• Ground Beetles (Carabidae)
  
• Tiger Beetles (Cicindelinae)
  
• Click Beetles (Elateridae)
  

Butterflies and Moths (Order: Lepidoptera)

• Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio glaucus)
  
• Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)
  
• Gulf Fritillary (Agraulis vanillae)
  
• Luna Moth (Actias luna)
  
• Polyphemus Moth (Antheraea polyphemus)
  
• Cabbage White (Pieris rapae)
  
• American Lady (Vanessa virginiensis)
  
• Io Moth (Automeris io)
  
• Hummingbird Clearwing Moth (Hemaris thysbe)
  

Bees, Wasps, and Ants (Order: Hymenoptera)

• European Honeybee (Apis mellifera)
  
• Eastern Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa virginica)
  
• Bald-faced Hornet (Dolichovespula maculata)
  
• Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) – invasive
  
• Allegheny Mound Ant (Formica exsectoides)
  
• Velvet Ant / Cow Killer (Dasymutilla occidentalis) – actually a wasp
  
• Yellowjackets (Vespula spp.)
  

Flies and Mosquitoes (Order: Diptera)

• Common Housefly (Musca domestica)
  
• Crane Fly (Tipulidae)
  
• Deer Fly (Chrysops spp.)
  
• Horse Fly (Tabanus spp.)
  
• Mosquitoes (Culex, Aedes, Anopheles)
  
• Robber Flies (Asilidae)
  
• Fungus Gnats (Mycetophilidae)
  

True Bugs (Order: Hemiptera)

• Eastern Boxelder Bug (Boisea trivittata)
  
• Leaf-footed Bug (Leptoglossus phyllopus)
  
• Aphids (Aphididae)
  
• Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae)
  
• Wheel Bug (Arilus cristatus) – assassin bug
  
• Cicadas (Magicicada spp., Neotibicen spp.)
  

Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Katydids (Order: Orthoptera)

• Red-legged Grasshopper (Melanoplus femurrubrum)
  
• Common Field Cricket (Gryllus spp.)
  
• Carolina Grasshopper (Dissosteira carolina)
  
• Broad-winged Katydid (Microcentrum rhombifolium)
  

Dragonflies and Damselflies (Order: Odonata)

• Common Green Darner (Anax junius)
  
• Eastern Pondhawk (Erythemis simplicicollis)
  
• Blue Dasher (Pachydiplax longipennis)
  
• Ebony Jewelwing (Calopteryx maculata)
  

Mayflies, Stoneflies, and Caddisflies

• Hexagenia Mayfly (Hexagenia limbata)
  
• Common Stonefly (Perlidae)
  
• Caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae — found in streams, case-builders
  

Lacewings, Mantises, and Others

• Green Lacewing (Chrysopidae)
  
• Eastern Praying Mantis (Stagmomantis carolina)
  
• Carolina Mantid (Stagmomantis carolina)
  
• Dobsonfly (Corydalus cornutus) – larvae called hellgrammites
  

Arachnids of Alabama

Spiders

• Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus mactans)
  
• Brown Recluse Spider (Loxosceles reclusa)
  
• Golden Silk Orb-Weaver (Trichonephila clavipes)
  
• Wolf Spider (Lycosidae)
  
• Jumping Spiders (Salticidae)
  
• Spiny Orb Weaver (Gasteracantha cancriformis)
  

Scorpions

• Southern Unstriped Scorpion (Vaejovis carolinianus) – native
  

Harvestmen

• Common Harvestman / Daddy Longlegs (Opiliones)
  

Ticks

• American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis)
  
• Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum)
  
• Black-legged Tick / Deer Tick (Ixodes scapularis)
  

Mollusks of Alabama

Land Snails and Slugs

• Magnolia Tiger Snail (Anguispira alternata)
  
• Glossy Pillar Snail (Cochlicopa lubrica)
  
• Gray Field Slug (Deroceras reticulatum)
  

Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia)

Alabama is home to over 180 freshwater mussel species, more than any other state:

• Alabama Lampmussel (Lampsilis virescens)
  
• Tennessee Heelsplitter (Lasmigona holstonia)
  
• Southern Pocketbook (Lampsilis ornata)
  
• Gulf Moccasinshell (Medionidus penicillatus)
  

Freshwater Snails

• Campeloma Decisum (pointed campeloma)
  
• Pyrgulopsis spp. (springsnails)
  
• Elimia spp. (mud snails, gilled snails)
  

Crustaceans of Alabama

Crayfish (Cambaridae family)

Alabama has over 80 species of native crayfish, such as:

• Paintedhand Crayfish (Faxonius palmeri)
  
• Bottleneck Crayfish (Cambarus striatus)
  
• Southern Crayfish (Procambarus spp.)
  
• Devil Crayfish (Cambarus diogenes)
  

Other Crustaceans

• Freshwater Amphipods (Hyalella azteca)
  
• Isopods (Asellidae)
  
• Fairy Shrimp (Eubranchipus spp.) – vernal pools
  
• Copepods – common in ponds and streams
  

Worm-like Invertebrates

Annelids (Segmented Worms)

• Common Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)
  
• Alabama Earthworm (Diplocardia spp.)
  

Flatworms

• Planarians (Dugesia spp.) – common in freshwater
  

Leeches

• Freshwater Leeches (Hirudinea)
  

Other Invertebrates Found in Alabama

Centipedes and Millipedes (Myriapoda)

• Eastern Bark Centipede (Scolopocryptops sexspinosus)
  
• Giant Redheaded Centipede (Scolopendra heros) – rare in southern Alabama
  
• Flat-backed Millipedes (Polydesmida)
  
• Common Millipede (Narceus americanus)
  

Springtails and Bristletails

• Springtails (Collembola) – extremely abundant in soil
  
• Silverfish (Lepisma saccharinum)
  

Nematodes

• Soil Roundworms – microscopic, diverse group
  
• Plant-parasitic nematodes – common in agriculture
  

Summary

Alabama is one of the most biodiverse states in the U.S., particularly for invertebrates. This vast range includes over:

• 20,000 insect species
  
• 180 freshwater mussel species
  
• 80+ crayfish species
  
• 100+ species of terrestrial mollusks and snails
  
• Dozens of native spiders and arachnids
  

This diversity plays a vital role in pollination, nutrient cycling, water purification, and the food chain in every part of the state.

Farm Animals and Livestock

Here’s a detailed rundown of all the farm animals and livestock you can find in Alabama. This list covers everything from common breeds to heritage and even some specialty ones that are raised throughout the state for a variety of agricultural needs. Whether it’s for meat, milk, eggs, fiber, labor, or just for companionship, you’ll find it all here!

Cattle (Beef and Dairy)

Alabama supports a thriving cattle industry.

Beef Cattle Breeds

• Angus
  
• Hereford
  
• Charolais
  
• Simmental
  
• Limousin
  
• Brahman
  
• Gelbvieh
  
• Beefmaster
  
• Brangus (Brahman x Angus)
  
• Red Angus
  
• Santa Gertrudis
  
• Shorthorn
  

Dairy Cattle Breeds

• Holstein
  
• Jersey
  
• Guernsey
  
• Brown Swiss
  
• Ayrshire
  
• Milking Shorthorn
  

Pigs / Swine

Swine production is prevalent, especially in central and southern Alabama.

Common Pig Breeds

• Yorkshire
  
• Hampshire
  
• Duroc
  
• Berkshire
  
• Landrace
  
• Chester White
  
• Poland China
  
• Spotted (Spot)
  
• Tamworth (heritage)
  
• Ossabaw Island Hog (specialty/heritage)
  

Sheep

Raised for meat, wool, and in some cases, milk.

Common Sheep Breeds

• Suffolk
  
• Hampshire
  
• Dorset
  
• Katahdin (hair sheep, parasite-resistant)
  
• Dorper
  
• Southdown
  
• Rambouillet
  
• Barbados Blackbelly
  
• St. Croix (hair sheep)
  
• East Friesian (dairy breed)
  

Goats

Goat farming in Alabama includes meat, dairy, and fiber goats.

Meat Goat Breeds

• Boer
  
• Kiko
  
• Spanish Goat
  
• Myotonic (Tennessee Fainting Goat)
  

Dairy Goat Breeds

• Nubian
  
• Saanen
  
• Alpine
  
• LaMancha
  
• Oberhasli
  
• Nigerian Dwarf
  
• Toggenburg
  

Fiber Goat Breeds

• Angora (mohair)
  
• Pygora (cross between Angora and Pygmy)
  

Chickens

Poultry farming is Alabama’s largest agricultural industry.

Meat (Broiler) Chicken Breeds

• Cornish Cross
  
• Freedom Ranger
  

Egg-Laying Chicken Breeds

• White Leghorn
  
• Rhode Island Red
  
• Plymouth Rock
  
• Australorp
  
• Orpington
  
• Sussex
  
• ISA Brown
  
• Golden Comet
  
• Easter Egger
  

Dual-Purpose Breeds

• Wyandotte
  
• Dominique
  
• Buckeye
  
• Delaware
  
• Brahma
  

Turkeys

Domesticated turkeys are raised for meat, especially for Thanksgiving markets.

Turkey Breeds

• Broad Breasted White (commercial)
  
• Broad Breasted Bronze
  
• Bourbon Red (heritage)
  
• Narragansett
  
• Royal Palm
  
• Slate Turkey
  

Ducks

Duck farming is smaller scale but increasing, especially for specialty meat and eggs.

Common Duck Breeds

• Pekin (meat)
  
• Khaki Campbell (eggs)
  
• Rouen
  
• Indian Runner
  
• Muscovy
  
• Cayuga
  
• Swedish Blue
  
• Mallard (domesticated)
  

Geese

Less common, often raised for meat, feathers, or as guard animals.

Common Goose Breeds

• Embden
  
• Toulouse
  
• African
  
• Pilgrim
  
• Chinese Goose
  
• Sebastopol (ornamental)
  

Horses

While not raised for meat, horses are crucial for farm work, shows, and transportation in rural areas.

Horse Breeds in Alabama

• Quarter Horse
  
• Tennessee Walking Horse
  
• American Saddlebred
  
• Thoroughbred
  
• Arabian
  
• Appaloosa
  
• Mustang
  
• Miniature Horse
  
• Percheron
  
• Clydesdale
  

Donkeys & Mules

Used for draft, protection (against predators), and breeding.

Common Types

• Standard Donkey
  
• Miniature Donkey
  
• Mammoth Jackstock
  
• Mule (horse x donkey hybrid)
  

Rabbits

Domesticated rabbits are raised for meat, fur, and as 4-H/Farm animals.

Common Rabbit Breeds

• New Zealand White (meat)
  
• Californian (meat)
  
• Rex (fur)
  
• Flemish Giant
  
• American Chinchilla
  
• Dutch
  
• Silver Fox
  
• Havana
  

Honeybees

Beekeeping is a significant and growing aspect of agriculture in Alabama.

Bee Species

• Italian Honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica)
  
• Carniolan Honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica)
  
• Russian Honeybee
  
• Buckfast Bee
  
• Africanized Bee (rare, not farmed purposefully)
  

Farm Cats

Though not livestock, cats are traditionally kept on farms for rodent control.

Livestock Guardian Dogs & Herding Dogs

Working dogs play a vital role on Alabama farms.

Livestock Guardian Dog Breeds

• Great Pyrenees
  
• Anatolian Shepherd
  
• Maremma Sheepdog
  
• Akbash
  

Herding Dog Breeds

• Border Collie
  
• Australian Cattle Dog
  
• Australian Shepherd
  
• German Shepherd
  

Oxen

Rare but still found in heritage or traditional farming practices.

Oxen Types

• Trained steers of draft cattle breeds such as:
  
  • Milking Shorthorn
    
  • Devon
    
  • Brown Swiss
    
  • Holstein (less common)
    

Llamas and Alpacas

Used for fiber and as guard animals for sheep/goats.

Types

• Llama (Lama glama)
  
• Alpaca (Vicugna pacos)
  
  • Huacaya
    
  • Suri
    

Other Specialty Invertebrates

A few niche Alabama farms may raise:

• Earthworms (vermiculture for compost)
  
• Black Soldier Fly larvae (protein feed)
  
• Crickets (feed)
  

Summary Table

Popular Pets in Alabama

Here’s a thorough rundown of all the popular pets you can find in Alabama! This list includes everything from the usual household companions to hobby pets and even some exotic species that are both legal and cherished throughout the state.

Popular Pets in Alabama (All Types)

Mammals

Dogs

• Labrador Retriever
  
• German Shepherd
  
• Beagle
  
• American Bulldog
  
• Yorkshire Terrier
  
• Dachshund
  
• Golden Retriever
  
• Chihuahua
  
• Boxer
  
• Australian Shepherd
  

Cats

• Domestic Shorthair
  
• Siamese
  
• Maine Coon
  
• Persian
  
• Ragdoll
  
• Bengal
  
• Russian Blue
  
• Sphynx
  
• American Shorthair
  
• Scottish Fold
  

Small Mammals

• Rabbits (Netherland Dwarf, Holland Lop)
  
• Guinea Pigs (American, Abyssinian, Peruvian)
  
• Hamsters (Syrian, Dwarf)
  
• Ferrets
  
• Gerbils
  
• Chinchillas
  
• Sugar Gliders (Exotic but popular)
  
• Hedgehogs (Exotic and legal in Alabama)
  
• Mice & Fancy Rats
  

Birds

• Budgerigar (Parakeet)
  
• Cockatiel
  
• Lovebird
  
• African Grey Parrot
  
• Macaw
  
• Canary
  
• Finch (Zebra, Gouldian)
  
• Conure
  
• Parrotlet
  
• Amazon Parrot
  

Fish (Aquarium Pets)

Freshwater Fish

• Betta Fish
  
• Goldfish
  
• Guppies
  
• Mollies
  
• Tetras (Neon, Cardinal)
  
• Cichlids
  
• Angelfish
  
• Platies
  
• Swordtails
  
• Plecostomus
  

Saltwater Fish

• Clownfish
  
• Blue Tang
  
• Gobies
  
• Wrasses
  
• Damselfish
  
• Seahorses
  
• Dottybacks
  

Reptiles & Amphibians

• Bearded Dragon
  
• Leopard Gecko
  
• Ball Python
  
• Corn Snake
  
• Crested Gecko
  
• Red-eared Slider Turtle
  
• Russian Tortoise
  
• Tree Frog (Green, White’s Dumpy Tree Frog)
  
• Axolotl (Amphibian, highly popular)
  

Invertebrates

• Tarantulas (e.g., Chilean Rose Hair)
  
• Scorpions (e.g., Emperor Scorpion — legal in Alabama)
  
• Praying Mantises
  
• Stick Insects
  
• Giant African Land Snails (illegal in some states, but monitored in AL)
  

Farm & Hobby Animals (Miniature or Pet Status)

• Miniature Horses
  
• Goats (Pygmy, Nigerian Dwarf)
  
• Pot-bellied Pigs (in rural or zoned areas)
  
• Chickens (Silkies, Polish, Orpingtons — for eggs and companionship)
  
• Ducks (Call Ducks, Mallards as pets)
  
• Quail (Button or Coturnix as hobby pets)
  
• Peafowl (less common, but found in estates/rural homes)
  
• Alpacas & Llamas (in hobby farms and private ranches)
  

Legal Exotic Pets in Alabama

Alabama allows ownership of several exotic species that are banned in other states:

• Fennec Fox
  
• Kinkajou
  
• Coatimundi
  
• Serval Cats (with permits)
  
• Wallabies
  
• Capybaras
  
• Monitor Lizards
  
• Iguanas
  
• Green Tree Pythons
  

Note on Wildlife & Exotic Laws:

Alabama has fewer restrictions than many U.S. states, but:

• Certain large exotic animals (e.g., big cats, bears, primates) require permits or are banned.
  
• Always check with Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) and local ordinances before acquiring exotic pets.
  

Summary Table

Endangered and Invasive Species

Here’s a thoughtful look at both endangered and invasive species in Alabama:

Federally Endangered & Threatened Species in Alabama

• Fish & Aquatic Invertebrates
  
• Alabama holds the impressive title of third in the U.S. for federally listed species, boasting around 128 species—105 of which are animals and 23 are plants. A significant number of these are freshwater mussels, cave-dwelling species, or various types of fish.

• Iconic Examples:
  
• Alabama cavefish (Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni): This little fish has been on the endangered list since 1988 and is critically endangered according to the IUCN. It’s found exclusively in Key Cave, Jefferson County.
  
• Alabama cave shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae): Also endangered since 1988, this shrimp is limited to just five caves in Madison County.
  
• Alabama canebrake pitcher-plant (Sarracenia alabamensis) and other pitcher plants: These fascinating carnivorous plants are considered regionally endangered.
  
• Gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus): This species has been listed as Threatened in western Alabama since 1987.
  
• Eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi): Once locally extinct, this federally threatened snake has recently made a comeback thanks to reintroduction efforts.
  
• Gulf sturgeon, sea turtles (like green and Kemp’s ridley), and the whooping crane are just a few of the many aquatic or migratory species facing challenges.

Mussels

• Alabama’s waterways are home to several endangered mussels, including:
  
• Southern acornshell (Epioblasma othcaloogensis)
• Ovate clubshell (Pleurobema perovatum)
• Alabama moccasinshell (Medionidus acutissimus)
• Southern pigtoe (Pleurobema georgianum) among others.

Plants

• The Alabama Canebrake Pitcher-plant (Sarracenia alabamensis) and other pitcher plant species are on the endangered list.
  
• Additionally, there are other state-endangered plants, including rare bog and wetland specialists, which contribute to the overall count of 23 federally listed plants.

Invasive Species Threatening Alabama’s Ecology

Invasive Plants

• (According to the Alabama Invasive Plant Council and state forestry)
  
• Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) This fast-growing vine is notorious for sprawling across vast areas in Alabama.
  
• Tallowtree (Triadica sebifera) An aggressive seeder, this tree thrives in both riparian and upland regions.
  
• Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Known for creating dense, fire-prone infestations.
  
• Other invasive plants include Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), Morrow’s honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii), Chinese and Japanese privet, autumn olive, bamboo, Japanese climbing fern, silktree, tropical soda apple, and more.
  
• Additional ornamentals flagged as invasive are the mimosa tree (Albizia julibrissin), paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), and purple beautyberry (Callicarpa dichotoma/japonica).
  
• Invasive Animals & Pests Asian ambrosia beetle (Xylosandrus crassiusculus): This pest targets many woody species, including crepe myrtles.
  
• Japanese beetle: A voracious pest that damages both ornamentals and turfgrass.
  
• Scaly-breasted munia (a non-native bird): Recognized as an invader in Alabama.
  
• Invasive flatworms and other non-native invertebrates have also been reported.

At-a-Glance Summary

Why It Matters

• Endangered species need critical habitat protection, such as cave systems, riverine environments, and wetlands.
• Invasive species can disrupt native biodiversity by outcompeting local plants, changing habitats, increasing fire risks, and spreading pests.
• Effective management is essential for preserving Alabama’s rich natural heritage and ensuring ecological resilience.
  
  

State Symbols and Official Animals of Alabama

 

Final Thoughts

Alabama isn’t just known for its sweet tea and warm southern hospitality—it’s a vibrant land teeming with wildlife. Picture river otters gliding through serene waters and friendly Labradors happily wagging their tails on porches. This state truly celebrates life in all its forms. Whether you’re a wildlife enthusiast, a fan of agriculture, or just curious about the critters you might spot in your own backyard, Alabama has a rich variety of animal companions, both wild and domesticated, waiting to be discovered.

FAQs